How are volcanic eruptions caused? It turns out that the Earth's interior is filled with hot magma. Under immense pressure, magma can break through the crust at weak points, erupting and causing volcanic eruptions.
Volcanoes can be classified into active volcanoes, extinct volcanoes, and dormant volcanoes. The Tambora volcano and the volcanoes on the Hawaiian Islands are still active, which are examples of active volcanoes. An extinct volcano is one that had an historical eruption but has not erupted in recorded history. Over 600 volcanoes in China are mostly extinct volcanoes. Some volcanoes have historical records of activity, but have not shown any activity in the past, and these are called dormant volcanoes. A dormant volcano may suddenly "wake up" and become an active volcano.
A violent volcanic eruption can consume and destroy vast tracts of land, turning vast amounts of life and property into ashes. However, surprisingly, these areas are often densely populated regions. The Naruko volcano and Mount Fuji in Japan are examples of this. It turns out that the volcanic ash ejected by the volcano is a very good natural fertilizer. The mulberry trees in the Mount Fuji area grow particularly well, which is beneficial for sericulture; the area around Mount Vesuvius is renowned for its grapes. The scenery in volcanic areas is unique and often becomes a popular tourist destination.
Before humans could control volcanic activity, strengthening forecasting is a way to prevent volcanic disasters. Scientists often benefit from some sudden changes in animals and plants when studying volcanic eruptions. Many animals often flee far away before a volcanic eruption, as if they know a disaster is about to happen. There is a peculiar plant on the Indonesian island of Java that blooms before a volcanic eruption, and the local residents call it the "volcanic alarm flower."

There are about 50 volcanic eruptions of various scales on Earth each year, which may be an important reason for global climate warming," said Professor Liu Jiaqi, the chief scientist of the Chinese Antarctic Research Team and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, after investigating the volcanoes and geology in the Antarctic region. Professor Liu Jiaqi also emphasized that this conclusion still needs further exploration and research by scientists.
Academician Liu Jiaqi is a researcher at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and an internationally renowned expert in volcanic geology and Quaternary geology. He has participated in numerous polar scientific investigations and research missions to the Antarctic and Arctic, with his travels spanning the globe. When discussing this Antarctic scientific expedition, as the chief scientist of the mission, Academician Liu expressed great excitement: "This Antarctic scientific expedition spans a latitude of 30 degrees. In addition to our Chinese Antarctic Great Wall Station, we have also visited four other Antarctic research stations and over a dozen small islands in the region, collecting relevant samples. This has provided us with a wealth of information and data for further research into the geological evolution, crustal movements, and changes in climate and environmental conditions in the Antarctic region.
When discussing the relationship between volcanic activities in the Antarctic region and global climate change, Academician Liu Jiaqi said: "The Antarctic continent is an ancient continent, and it is also a continent with high average altitude and cold and dry climate. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, there were numerous large-scale volcanic eruptions in the Antarctic region, each of which produced tens of thousands of tons of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and other substances, indicating that the dormant volcanoes in the Antarctic region have entered an active period.
Academician Liu Jiaqi emphasized that volcanic eruptions and crustal movements are a manifestation of life on a planet, and currently, only Earth and Jupiter's moon (Io) have such large-scale volcanic and crustal movements. On Earth, there are approximately 50 volcanic eruptions of various scales each year. Academician Liu Jiaqi pointed out that volcanic eruptions may be an important reason for global climate warming. However, these issues still need further exploration and research by scientists.
Professor Liu frankly admitted: there are still many things in nature that have not been discovered or recognized by humans. The ability of human beings to understand the natural world is inevitably limited by the era and history, especially by the means, methods, tools, and the limitations of human cognitive abilities. Our polar scientific investigation is still a long way to go, especially due to the limitations of transportation conditions, and it is still impossible to conduct scientific research in a wider area and radius in the Antarctic. If any mountain or island in the Antarctic area is named after a Chinese explorer or scientist, that will be a proud thing for the Chinese people.
The level of polar scientific research actually reflects a country's comprehensive strength. Although China started later in the research and exploration of polar science in Antarctica and the Arctic, it has developed rapidly. Polar scientific research can be considered a symbol of a strong country." When discussing human polar scientific research and exploration, Academician Liu Jiaqi added: "China's polar scientific research and exploration career began with the establishment of the Great Wall Station in Antarctica 20 years ago, which opened a new chapter, which is a symbol of a strong country. Currently, there are more than 50 scientific research stations in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty stipulates that no country can claim resources or territory in Antarctica, but the Antarctic Treaty has a time limit. Currently, many countries are accelerating their Antarctic strategies. Because the rich mineral resources, energy, biological resources, and fresh water resources in Antarctica have become an important choice for countries to expand their survival space. Antarctica is the world's fifth largest continent, accounting for 70% of the world's fresh water resources, but due to the unique geographical location and complex environment of Antarctica and the Arctic, human scientific research and exploration in polar regions are much more difficult and dangerous than in other regions, and the cost is also greater. Academician Liu pointed out that although China's polar scientific research started later, it has made many scientific achievements, and some of them are at the forefront of the world.
Volcanoes are not mountains that spew 'fire', but they spew a high-temperature viscous substance called magma. The scene of a volcanic eruption is extremely spectacular. Usually, magma that is tightly enclosed in the earth's crust, due to its extremely high temperature and the enormous pressure of the earth's crust, will break out violently through the surface when it encounters a thinner part of the crust or a fissure.

When a volcano erupts, accompanied by a thunderous roar, rocks fly and roll, and the incandescent lava, like fierce dragons, erupts from the ground, devouring everything around it. In an instant, dozens of miles around are shrouded in a thick cloud of smoke and mist. Sometimes, due to volcanic eruptions, a high mountain can suddenly rise from a plain, as is the case with Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Cotopaxi near the equator; at other times, an entire village or town can be swallowed up in an instant.

The formation of volcanoes is due to the fact that the deeper below the surface, the higher the temperature becomes. Approximately 20 miles deep, the temperature is high enough to melt most rocks. When the rocks melt, they expand and need more space. This molten material, heated by the high temperatures, rises along the cracks caused by the uplift. When the pressure in the magma chamber exceeds the pressure above it, it erupts outward to form a volcano.